让儿童在学习中学会做人

In the early twentieth， Ferdinand de Saussure explained the symbols systemically. Before that， it was acknowledged that linguistic symbol is the combination of concrete and specific audible sound and its corresponding meaning. However， in Saussure’s opinion， this view is one-sided. There are two reasons. On the one hand， the quality and tone of sounds vary with people， and even the same person can’t produce a totally same sound， but this phenomenon doesn’t influence the result of communication. On the other hand， the meanings of words are difficult to master. Then Saussure put forward that the linguistic symbols are composed of “sound pattern” and “concept”. The “sound pattern” is the form of the symbol， while the “concept” is the content of the symbol. Besides， He regards a symbol as two sides of a paper. We can’t separate “concept” from its “sound pattern”， even though we cut or rub this paper. Afterwards， he changed these terms into “signification” and “signal”. And the relationship between them is still arbitrary. Arbitrariness means that there are no logical motivation and rational relationship between them. Take “book” for example. Englis