打一疾病(jíbìng)不红不痛渐昏朦,薄雾轻烟渐渐浓。初时一眼先昏暗,数日逐渐障双瞳(shuānɡtónɡ)。千金难买药见效,金针一拨当日空。cataract胜利(shènglì)医院林雪媛教学(jiāoxué)目的了解白内障的发生原因及其分型。•掌握老年性白内障各型的特点。•掌握白内障的手术适应症及白内障术后矫正视力的方法(fāngfǎ)。•了解先天性白内障和代谢性白内障的分型及特点。••了解晶状体脱位的分型及临床表现。Whatiscataract?Acataractisanopacity(orcloudychanges)ofthelensthatcancausevisionproblems.•任何先天性或后天性因素引起的晶状体混浊使其透明性下降(xiàjiàng),称为白内障。•LENS•Thelensissurroundedbyathicklenscapsulewhichisthebasementmembranaeofthelensepithelialcells.•晶状体囊是一层包绕整个晶状体的透明囊状基底膜。•Epithelialcellsatthelensequatorcontinuetobeproducedthroughoutlife,sothatolderlensfibersarecompressedintoacentralnucleus;youngerfibersaroundthenucleusmakeupthecortex.•位于晶状体赤道部囊下的上皮细胞终生增殖,不断形成晶状体纤维(xiānwéi),将旧的纤维(xiānwéi)挤向中心的核,核外较新较疏松的纤维(xiānwéi)构成皮质。causes•Agingmostcommon•Long-termultraviolet(UV)light,especiallyfromsunlight•Diabetesorothersystemicdisease•Pasteyeinfections,injuriesorsurgery•Smoking•Long-termuseofcertainmedications(suchassteroids)•heredityPathogenesis•Thelensismademostlyofwaterandprotein.Theproteinisarrangedtoletlightpassthroughandfocusontheretina.Sometimessomeoftheproteinclumpstogether.Thiscanstarttocloudsmallareasofthelens,blockingsomelightfromreachingtheretinaandinterferingwithvision.•晶状体主要由水和蛋白组成。发生白内障的晶状体特征性改变是蛋白之间的交联形成聚合物,使光线(guāngxiàn)散射增强,晶状体透明度下降。•自由基引起的氧化(yǎnghuà)损伤晶状体上皮细胞氧化损伤——膜蛋白降解——细胞膜通透性增加——晶状体内渗透压增高、肿胀;晶体蛋白之间二硫键形成增多——蛋白交联形成高分子量聚合物——光散射增强,晶状体混浊。•细胞凋亡及其调控normalVs.cloudylensClinicalFindingsSymptoms视力下降(xiàjiàng)Blurringordimnessofvisioncolorsappearfaded色觉改变Sensitivitytolightandglare眩光Doubleormultiplevision复视或多视Changeinrefraction屈光改变EyeExam•Visionacuitytestpupilsbeforetheexam.•Slitlamp•Ophthalmoscope•Inmostcases,eyedropsareusedtodilate(widen)•TonometrySlitlampclassification判断晶状体混浊范围和程度将瞳孔充分散大,采用裂隙灯和后照法,区别晶状体混浊的类型•核性(N)、皮质性(C)、后囊下(P)、核的颜色(NC)晶状体核硬度分级标准(据NC)(ruǎnxìnɡ)Ⅰ度:透明,无核,软性;Ⅱ度:核呈黄白色或黄色,软核;Ⅲ度:核呈深黄色,中等硬度核;Ⅳ度:核呈棕色或琥珀色,硬核;Ⅴ度:核呈棕褐色或黑色,极硬核。Age-relatedcataract年龄相关性白内障是最为常见(chánɡjiàn)的白内障类型,多见于50岁以上的中、老年人,随年龄增加其发病率升高。•Therearethreemajortypesofcataractthatarenameddependingonthelocationwithinthelensthatismostaffected.Thesearecortical,nuclearandposteriorsubcapsular.Agivenlensmayhavecomponentsofallthreetypesofcataract.•根据晶状体开始出现混浊(hùnzhuó)的部位,老年性白内障分为3种类型:皮质性、核性及后囊下白内障。一个晶状体可能同时发生这3型白内障。Corticalcataractthemostcommontypeofage-relatedcataract.fourstagesasfollows:Incipientstage初发期•Corticalchangesmaybeginassmallperipheralwaterclefts.•皮质中空泡和水隙形成。•Radicalpatternopacity.•放射状混浊。•检眼镜检查可见(kějiàn)红光反射中放射状或片状阴影。•早期较周边的混浊并不影响视力,病程发展慢。初发期Intumescentstage肿胀(zhǒngzhàng)期...